Vipin Kumar Tiwari

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework or guidelines used to understand and describe different networking protocols interacting within a computer network, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1970s to create a standardized or structured way of discussing and understanding the complexities of network communication. The OSI model divides network communication into seven distinct layers, each one is responsible for specific tasks, organized in a hierarchical manner, with each layer building upon the services provided by the layer below it, ensures that data moves from its point of origin to its destination efficiently and accurately. The block diagram of seven layers are as follows: Physical Layer (Layer 1): Physical layer lies at the base of the OSI model, focusing on the transmission of raw data bits through physical mediums such as cables, fibers, or wireless connections. It defines attributes like voltage levels, dat

IN THIS ARTICLE (a) What is Network Protocol? (b) Examples of Protocols (c) Layers of TCP/IP Model (d) Explanations on different protocols A computer network's data transmission, reception, and processing are governed by a set of rules and standards called as network protocols . These protocols define structure and format of data packets, the methods for error detection and correction, and the procedures for establishing and terminating connections between devices on a network. Network protocols are crucial for facilitating communication between various systems and equipment, such as PCs, servers, routers, switches, and more, within a network. They ensure that data can be sent and received accurately and reliably, even in complex and diverse network environments. Depending on different purposes and network types, requirements of the network, software and application running over the network, there many protocols designed, few of them as below: (1) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP