Vipin Kumar Tiwari

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework or guidelines used to understand and describe different networking protocols interacting within a computer network, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1970s to create a standardized or structured way of discussing and understanding the complexities of network communication. The OSI model divides network communication into seven distinct layers, each one is responsible for specific tasks, organized in a hierarchical manner, with each layer building upon the services provided by the layer below it, ensures that data moves from its point of origin to its destination efficiently and accurately. The block diagram of seven layers are as follows: Physical Layer (Layer 1): Physical layer lies at the base of the OSI model, focusing on the transmission of raw data bits through physical mediums such as cables, fibers, or wireless connections. It defines attributes like voltage levels, dat...

Prerequisites: (1)  Introduction to Computer Networks: Types, Components, and Uses (2)  OSI Model (3)  TCP/IP Model IN THIS ARTICLE (a) What is Network Protocol ? (b) Types of Protocols Definitions Working Uses Advantages Disdavantages (c) Security Protocols (d) Importance of Network Protocols (e) Frequently Asked Questions What is Network Protocol ? A computer network's data transmission, reception, and processing are governed by a set of rules and standards called as network protocols . These protocols define structure and format of data packets , the methods for error detection and correction, and the procedures for establishing and terminating connections between devices on a network. Network protocols are crucial for facilitating communication between various systems and equipment, such as PCs, servers, routers, switches, and more, within a network. They ensure that data can be sent and received accurately and reliably, even in complex and diverse network environme...

IN THIS ARTICLE (a) Introduction (b) What is Network? (c)    Network Components (b) Types of Network (c) What is Network Connection? (d) Types of Network Connections (e) What is Network Protocol ? (f) What is Network Packets? (g) What is Network Topology? (h) Types of Network Topology (i)  Why Networks Matter Today (j)  Summary Introduction In the digital age, networks form the foundation of nearly every online interaction. From checking emails to streaming videos and managing remote teams, networks quietly enable seamless communication between devices and systems. But what exactly is a network? How do they work, and why are they so essential in both personal and business environments? This article breaks down the basics of computer networks — including their types, components, and importance — in a simple, beginner-friendly manner. What is Network? A Network is a group of  two or more interconnected devices for information or resource sharing and communicati...

Prerequisites https://vipintiwarionline.blogspot.com/2023/10/information-security.html https://vipintiwarionline.blogspot.com/2023/10/cyber-security.html Introduction Although the terms information security and cyber security are frequently used interchangeably in today's digitally first world, they are not exactly the same. Businesses, Information Security Consultants, Cyber Security Engineers, and anybody else worried about safeguarding sensitive data must comprehend the difference.  What is Information Security? Information Security (InfoSec) refers to the practice of protecting all forms of information —whether digital, physical, or verbal—from unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction. It’s a broad discipline that includes: Data governance and compliance (e.g., IS Audit, RBI, IRDAI, NPCI, UIDAI, PCI-DSS, GDPR, HIPAA etc.) Physical security of documents and devices Access control and identity management Risk management and business contin...