System Functions in SQL

-

A group of built-in SQL functions known as "system functions" offer details on the database system, the active user, and the system environment. To access metadata about database items, keep an eye on system performance, and control user sessions, utilize these functions.

Some examples of SQL system functions include:

  1. @@VERSION: Returns the version number of the database server.

  2. DATABASE(): Returns the name of the current database.

  3. USER(): Returns the name of the current user.

  4. SESSION_USER(): Returns the name of the current user for the current session.

  5. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: Returns the current date and time of the database server.

  6. @@ROWCOUNT: Returns the number of rows affected by the last SQL statement.

  7. @@IDENTITY: Returns the last identity value generated for a table.

In administration duties including tracking system performance, auditing user behavior, and maintaining database objects, system functions in SQL are frequently utilized.

Type of System Functions in SQL:

  1. Database Information Functions: These functions offer details about the database, including the version number, default schema, and name of the current database.

Examples: DATABASE(), DB_NAME(), @@VERSION.

  1. Environment Functions: These features offer details on the system environment, such as the processor architecture, operating system version, and current time zone.

Examples: @@CPU_BUSY, @@LANGID, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.

  1. Error Functions: These functions offer details on the most recent error that the database engine experienced, including the error message, the error number, and the level of severity.

Examples: ERROR_MESSAGE(), ERROR_NUMBER(), ERROR_SEVERITY().

  1. Metadata Functions: These functions offer details on the database schema, including table, column, and constraint names.

Examples: OBJECT_ID(), COLUMNPROPERTY(), INDEX_COL().

  1. Session Information Functions: The user name, the session ID, and the connection characteristics are just a few of the details these functions offer about the current session.

Examples: @@SPID, @@CONNECTIONS, SESSION_USER().

  1. Transaction Functions: These operations offer details about the current transaction, including the transaction ID, transaction state, and transaction isolation level.

Examples: @@TRANCOUNT, XACT_STATE(), @@TRANSACTION.

System functions in SQL are frequently used in administrative duties including performance monitoring, debugging, and troubleshooting. They can be used to retrieve information about the system environment, database objects, and user sessions.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

OWASP Top 10

-
OWASP Top 10 is an awareness document mentioning top 10 most critical risks in web application security which is regularly updated by an international non-profit organization called Open Web Application Security Project, dedicated to web application security. 1. Broken Access Control Broken access control vulnerability allows attackers to read / view sensitive data and carry out actions that they are not authorized to carry out. As an illustration, consider a website allows only admin users to view its admin pages and protected from regular users. If access control is compromised, an unauthorized user can read private data belonging to other users, gain access to admin and carry out actions that they are not intended to. Example of such type of vulnerability is Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR). Consider a user on a website uses following URL to access his / her account: https://xyz.com/user_acct?user_num=123 Using the URL, user retrieving his information from the database in th
Read more

TCP/IP Model

-
Image
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a standard protocol suite used to facilitate communication between network devices over the internet which consists of two components TCP and IP. TCP/IP is a compact form of OSI model. Unlike the OSI model, which has seven layers, it has four layers. The data is divided into packets by the TCP/IP Model at the sender's end, and in order to preserve data correctness, the same packets must be reassembled at the recipient's end. The data is divided into four layers by the TCP/IP paradigm, which arranges the data in a sequential fashion at the sender's end and reorders it at the recipient's end. Network Access Layer: A combination of Physical layer & Data Link layer defined in OSI model, responsible for the transmission of the data between two devices over network. Ethernet protocol is used by this layer. Network Layer / Internet Layer: It is responsible to send the packets from a network to the des
Read more

AAA

-
Image
AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization & Accounting. AAA is an information security framework used for controlling access to computer resources, enforcing policies & tracking for auditing usage of resources required for billing of resources.                           AAA used to control which user is allowed to access the network resources by comparing user's login credentials (user id & password) with AAA server's database (Active Directory) stored user credential data called Authentication, authorize that user for performing a pre-defined task as per roles & responsibilities set in the database (enforcing policies) called Authorization and tracking the actions performed while accessing the network called Accounting. Here AAA server acts as an Identity & Access Management Tool. For example, administrator can access a network device by using console normally.  In case of accessing network device remotely, it can happen only by using IP address. But the
Read more